These are some spacecraft designs that are based on reality. So they appear quite outlandish and undramatic looking. In the next page will appear designs that are.

Colonization of Mars - Wikipedia. An artist's conception of a human Mars base, with a cutaway revealing an interior horticultural area. Mars is the focus of much scientific study about possible human colonization. Its surface conditions and the presence of water on Mars make it arguably the most hospitable of the planets in the Solar System, other than Earth.

Mars requires less energy per unit mass (delta- v) to reach from Earth than any planet except Venus. Permanent human habitation on a planetary body other than the Earth is one of science fiction's most prevalent themes. As technology has advanced, and concerns about the future of humanity on Earth have increased, the argument that space colonization is an achievable and worthwhile goal has gained momentum.[1][2] Other reasons for colonizing space include economic interests, long- term scientific research best carried out by humans as opposed to robotic probes, and sheer curiosity. One of Elon Musk's stated goals through his company Space. X is to make such colonization possible by providing transportation. Mission concepts and timelines[edit]All of the early human mission concepts to Mars as conceived by nationalgovernmental space programs—such as those being tentatively planned by NASA, FKA and ESA—would not be direct precursors to colonization.

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They are intended solely as exploration missions, as the Apollo missions to the Moon were not planned to be sites of a permanent base. Colonization requires the establishment of permanent bases that have potential for self- expansion.

A famous proposal for building such bases is the Mars Direct and the Semi- Direct plans, advocated by Robert Zubrin.[3]Other proposals that envision the creation of a settlement have come from Jim Mc. Lane and Bas Lansdorp (the man behind Mars One, which envisions no planned return flight for the humans embarking on the journey),[4] as well as from Elon Musk whose Space. X company, as of 2. Interplanetary Transport System.[5][6]Space.

X (colonization)[edit]2. As of October 2. 01. Elon Musk is planning for a manned Mars landing in 2. Concept video published October 2. Mars One (colonization)[edit]2. As of May 2. 01. 7, the Mars One website is planning a permanent manned Mars landing in 2. Concept video published June 2.

A subsequent concept video was released on September 2. US Government (non- colonizing return trip)[edit]2. As of May 2. 01. 7 (dated December 2. Watch Thirst Streaming on this page. NASA is planning for a round trip manned landing on Mars in the 2.

Russian Government (non- colonizing return trip)[edit]2. As of April 2. 01. Russia is planning for a round trip manned landing on Mars by the year 2. Relative similarity to Earth[edit]Earth is similar to Venus in bulk composition, size and surface gravity, but Mars's similarities to Earth are more compelling when considering colonization.

These include: The Martian day (or sol) is very close in duration to Earth's. A solar day on Mars is 2. Mars has a surface area that is 2. Earth's, only slightly less than the amount of dry land on Earth (which is 2. Earth's surface).

Mars has half the radius of Earth and only one- tenth the mass. This means that it has a smaller volume (~1. Earth. Mars has an axial tilt of 2.

Earth's 2. 3. 4. 4°. As a result, Mars has seasons much like Earth, though they last nearly twice as long because the Martian year is about 1. Earth years. The Martian north pole currently points at Cygnus, not Ursa Minor like Earth's. Recent observations by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, ESA's Mars Express and NASA's Phoenix Lander confirm the presence of water ice on Mars.

Differences from Earth[edit]Although there are some extremophile organisms that survive in hostile conditions on Earth, including simulations that approximate Mars, plants and animals generally cannot survive the ambient conditions present on the surface of Mars.[1. The surface gravity of Mars is 3.

Earth. Although microgravity is known to cause health problems such as muscle loss and bone demineralization,[1. Martian gravity would have a similar effect. The Mars Gravity Biosatellite was a proposed project designed to learn more about what effect Mars's lower surface gravity would have on humans, but it was cancelled due to a lack of funding.[1. Mars is much colder than Earth, with mean surface temperatures between 1. K (−8. 7 and −5 °C; −1. F) (depending on position).[2.

The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 1. K (−8. 9. 2 °C, −1. F) in Antarctica. Surface water on Mars may occur transiently, but only under certain conditions.[2. Because Mars is about 5. Sun, the amount of solar energy entering its upper atmosphere per unit area (the solar constant) is only around 4. Earth's upper atmosphere.[2.

However, due to the much thinner atmosphere, a higher fraction of the solar energy reaches the surface.[2. The maximum solar irradiance on Mars is about 5.

W/m. 2 compared to about 1. W/m. 2 at the Earth's surface. Also, year- round dust storms on Mars may block sunlight for weeks at a time.[2.

Mars's orbit is more eccentric than Earth's, increasing temperature and solar constant variations. Due to the lack of a magnetosphere, solar particle events and cosmic rays can easily reach the Martian surface.[2. The atmospheric pressure on Mars is far below the Armstrong limit at which people can survive without pressure suits.

Since terraforming cannot be expected as a near- term solution, habitable structures on Mars would need to be constructed with pressure vessels similar to spacecraft, capable of containing a pressure between 3. Pa. See Atmosphere of Mars. The Martian atmosphere is 9. Martian air has a partial pressure of CO2 of 0. Pa, compared to 0. Pa on Earth. CO2 poisoning (hypercapnia) in humans begins at about 0.

Pa. Even for plants, CO2 much above 0. Pa is toxic. This means Martian air is toxic to both plants and animals even at the reduced total pressure.[3. The thin atmosphere does not filter out ultraviolet sunlight.

Conditions for human habitation[edit]Conditions on the surface of Mars are closer to the conditions on Earth in terms of temperature and sunlight than on any other planet or moon, except for the cloud tops of Venus.[3. However, the surface is not hospitable to humans or most known life forms due to greatly reduced air pressure, and an atmosphere with only 0.

In 2. 01. 2, it was reported that some lichen and cyanobacteria survived and showed remarkable adaptation capacity for photosynthesis after 3. Martian conditions in the Mars Simulation Laboratory (MSL) maintained by the German Aerospace Center (DLR).[3. Some scientists think that cyanobacteria could play a role in the development of self- sustainable manned outposts on Mars.[3. They propose that cyanobacteria could be used directly for various applications, including the production of food, fuel and oxygen, but also indirectly: products from their culture could support the growth of other organisms, opening the way to a wide range of life- support biological processes based on Martian resources.[3. Humans have explored parts of Earth that match some conditions on Mars. Based on NASA rover data, temperatures on Mars (at low latitudes) are similar to those in Antarctica.[3.

The atmospheric pressure at the highest altitudes reached by manned balloon ascents (3. Mars.[4. 0]Human survival on Mars would require complex life- support measures and living in artificial environments. Effects on human health[edit]Mars presents a hostile environment for human habitation. Different technologies have been developed to assist long- term space exploration and may be adapted for habitation on Mars. The existing record for the longest consecutive space flight is 4. Valeri Polyakov,[4. Gennady Padalka.[4.

The longest time spent outside the protection of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belt is about 1. Apollo 1. 7 moon landing. This is minor in comparison to the 1. NASA as soon as the year 2. Scientists have also hypothesized that many different biological functions can be negatively affected by the environment of Mars colonies.