Apple Inc. American company. Alternative Title.

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Apple Computer, Inc. Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., American manufacturer of personal computers, computer peripherals, and computer software. It was the first successful personal computer company and the popularizer of the graphical user interface. Headquarters are located in Cupertino, California. Garage start- up. Apple Inc. had its genesis in the lifelong dream of Stephen G.

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Wozniak to build his own computer—a dream that was made suddenly feasible with the arrival in 1. Altair 8. 80. 0, which came as a kit and used the recently invented microprocessor chip. Encouraged by his friends at the Homebrew Computer Club, a San Francisco Bay area group centred around the Altair, Wozniak quickly came up with a plan for his own microcomputer. In 1. 97. 6, when the Hewlett- Packard Company, where Wozniak was an engineering intern, expressed no interest in his design, Wozniak, then 2. Steven P. Jobs, moved production operations to the Jobs family garage—and the Silicon Valley garage start- up company legend was born.

Jobs and Wozniak named their company Apple. For working capital, Jobs sold his Volkswagen minibus and Wozniak his programmable calculator. Their first model was simply a working circuit board, but at Jobs’s insistence the 1. This Apple II also offered a colour display and other features that made Wozniak’s creation the first microcomputer that appealed to the average person. Commercial success. Though he was a brash business novice whose appearance still bore traces of his hippie past, Jobs understood that in order for the company to grow, it would require professional management and substantial funding.

He convinced Regis Mc. Kenna, a well- known public relations specialist for the semiconductor industry, to represent the company; he also secured an investment from Michael Markkula, a wealthy veteran of the Intel Corporation who became Apple’s largest shareholder and an influential member of Apple’s board of directors. The company became an instant success, particularly after Wozniak invented a disk controller that allowed the addition of a low- cost floppy disk drive that made information storage and retrieval fast and reliable. With room to store and manipulate data, the Apple II became the computer of choice for legions of amateur programmers. Most notably, in 1.

Bostonians—Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston—introduced the first personal computer spreadsheet, Visi. Calc, creating what would later be known as a “killer app” (application): a software program so useful that it propels hardware sales.

While Visi. Calc opened up the small- business and consumer market for the Apple II, another important early market was primary educational institutions. By a combination of aggressive discounts and donations (and an absence of any early competition), Apple established a commanding presence among educational institutions, contributing to its platform’s dominance of primary- school software well into the 1. Competition from IBMApple’s profits and size grew at a historic rate: by 1. Its public offering in December was the biggest since 1. Ford Motor Company had gone public.

Indeed, by the end of 1. Apple’s valuation of nearly $2 billion was greater than Ford’s.) However, Apple would soon face competition from the computer industry’s leading player, International Business Machines Corporation. IBM had waited for the personal computer market to grow before introducing its own line of personal computers, the IBM PC, in 1. IBM broke with its tradition of using only proprietary hardware components and software and built a machine from readily available components, including the Intel microprocessor, and used DOS (disk operating system) from the Microsoft Corporation. Because other manufacturers could use the same hardware components that IBM used, as well as license DOS from Microsoft, new software developers could count on a wide IBM PC- compatible market for their software. Watch Online Watch Resident Evil: The Final Chapter Full Movie Online Film. Watch Sound Of My Voice Streaming.

Soon the new system had its own killer app: the Lotus 1- 2- 3 spreadsheet, which won an instant constituency in the business community—a market that the Apple II had failed to penetrate. Watch Last Day Of School Dailymotion. Macintosh and the first affordable GUIApple had its own plan to regain leadership: a sophisticated new generation of computers that would be dramatically easier to use. In 1. 97. 9 Jobs had led a team of engineers to see the innovations created at the Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto (California) Research Center (PARC). There they were shown the first functional graphical user interface (GUI), featuring on- screen windows, a pointing device known as a mouse, and the use of icons, or pictures, to replace the awkward protocols required by all other computers. Apple immediately incorporated these ideas into two new computers: Lisa, released in 1. Macintosh, released in 1. Jobs himself took over the latter project, insisting that the computer should be not merely great but “insanely great.” The result was a revelation—perfectly in tune with the unconventional, science- fiction- esque television commercial that introduced the Macintosh during the broadcast of the 1.

Super Bowl—a $2,5. Desktop publishing revolution. Test Your Knowledge. Electronics & Gadgets Quiz. Despite an ecstatic reaction from the media, the Macintosh initially sold below Apple’s expectations.

Critics noted that the Mac, as it came to be known, had insufficient memory and storage and lacked standard amenities such as cursor keys and a colour display. Many skeptics also doubted that adults would ever want to use a machine that relied on the GUI, condemning it as “toylike” and wasteful of computational resources.) In the wake of the poor sales performance, Jobs was ousted from the company in September 1. CEO), John Sculley. Wozniak had left Apple in February 1.

Under Sculley, Apple steadily improved the machine. However, what saved the Mac in those early years was Apple’s 1. Aldus Corporation’s Page. Maker, the Mac’s first killer app.

Together these two innovations launched the desktop publishing revolution. Suddenly, small businesses and print shops could produce professional- looking brochures, pamphlets, and letters without having to resort to expensive lithographic processes. The graphic arts and publishing industries quickly became the Mac’s single most important market. Britannica Lists & Quizzes. Another innovation was a software database called Hyper. Card, which Apple included free with every Macintosh starting in 1. Using a technique called hyperlinking, this program, written by Bill Atkinson, was employed by many teachers to organize multimedia elements for classroom presentations—an idea that anticipated the HTML (hypertext markup language) underpinnings of the World Wide Web.

Apple litigates while PCs innovate. This was a golden age for Apple; the company’s revenues approached $1. Still, Apple’s profits obscured the fact that its share of the market was falling, despite the technological superiority of its products. The Mac’s incompatibility with Apple II software, a problem initially ignored, slowed educational sales and compelled the retention of the outmoded Apple II line through 1. Consumer sales suffered as the company discouraged game development out of fear that the Mac would not be taken seriously in the business community.

Moreover, Microsoft, after an unsuccessful attempt to secure an agreement to market the Mac OS on the Intel processor, introduced Windows, its own graphical operating system. Apple litigated for years, in vain, to stop Microsoft from copying the “look and feel” of its operating system, though the Mac OS itself drew upon the PARC GUI. Meanwhile, as successive versions of Windows were improved and as competition among multiple PC manufacturers led to greater innovation and lower prices, fewer people were willing to pay the premiums that Apple had been able to command owing to its reputation for quality. Apple–IBM rapprochement. In a rather surprising development, Apple and IBM announced an alliance in 1.

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